Okushintshile
Ngokombiko we-Ars Technica, i-HHMI Janelia Research Campus ne-Google sebeqede imephu yawo wonke ama-neuron ebuchosheni bempukane yesithelo yesilisa. Lena yi-connectome yesibili ephelele yempukane yesithelo, emva kwemephu yensikazi eyaqedwa ekuqaleni kuka-2026. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kuveza ukuxhumana ngama-synapse okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300, kuphinde kuqophe izindawo zama-neuron ngobukhulu obuthathu.
Kungani Lokhu Kubalulekile
Lena akuyona impukane ehlakaniphe kakhulu. Kunalokho, iyindawo yokuhlola engcono kakhulu yokuqonda ukuthi uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi luguqula kanjani okungenayo kube yisenzo.
Imephu eyodwa ephelele iyisibonelo sokubhekisela kuso. Amamephu amabili enza kube nokwenzeka ukuqhathanisa. Lokho kushintsha umbuzo obalulekile usuke kokuthi “yini exhunywe nakuphi?” uye kokuthi “yiziphi izindlela zokuxhumana eziqhubekayo, futhi yiziphi ezehlukayo?” Kumaqembu akha amathuluzi ahlobene nokuthwebula izithombe, ukuhlaziya ngemishini, noma ingqalasizinda yedatha yesayensi, lowo umehluko uhlukanisa isethi yedatha eyodwa enkulu engavamile nenkundla yokuhlola izindlela zokusebenza ezingaphindwa.
Inzuzo esheshayo ukufinyelela ocwaningweni, hhayi umkhiqizo ozotholakala maduze. Umbuzo omkhulu ngowokuthi izindlela ezingakha kabusha amakhulu ezigidi zokuxhumana ngama-synapse empukaneni zingaba yini izingxenye eziwusizo ezingasetshenziswa futhi ekutadisheni izinhlelo zemizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lokho kusangacaci; ubuchopho obukhulu abufani nje nezimpukane ezinezihlalo ezengeziwe.
Umbono wethu (ukuqagela okunolwazi): la mamephu amabili angase enze umsebenzi wokuqhathanisa ube ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwangempela kokuthi indlela yokwakha kabusha yalokhu kubambisana imelana kanjani nengcindezi. Uma abacwaningi bengasebenzisa womabili amamephu ukubuza imibuzo ewusizo ngezinga lamasekhethi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi kungase kusuke ekuqedeni ukwakhiwa kabusha okukodwa okukhulu kuye ekwenzeni okulandelayo kungabi umsebenzi omkhulu kangako.
Indlela imiphumela engasabalala ngayo
Imephu yesilisa inika abacwaningi be-Drosophila ubuchopho besibili obumephwe ngokuphelele ukuze buqhathaniswe ezingeni lamasekhethi. Uma lokho kuqhathanisa kuveza amaphethini noma umehluko owusizo, kungaqondisa ukuhlola ekuxhumaneni okuthile, kunokubheka i-connectome njengekhathalogi enkulu emile.
Lokho kusetshenziswa kungabuye kuthuthukise amathuluzi. Izidingo zabacwaningi zokwakha kabusha ngokushesha noma ngokucacile zingakhombisa lapho ukuhlaziywa kwezithombe nezinqubo zokubala kudinga ukulungiswa khona. Uma lokho kuthuthuka kudlulela ngale kwamasethi edatha ezimpukane aseqediwe, amalabhorethri afunda izinhlelo zemizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angathola izindlela ezisebenzayo kakhudlwana zokwakha kabusha ukuxhumana kwemizwa.
Lolu chungechunge lungaphuka ezindaweni ezimbili: umehluko wezinto eziphilayo ungase ungavezi okutholakele okuwusizo kabanzi, kanti umthwalo wokubala noma wokuthwebula izithombe ungase ukhule kakhulu ngaphandle kobuchopho bempukane yesithelo.
Ukuhlolwa komthelela
- Abacwaningi be-neurobiology ye-Drosophila: Bathola ngokushesha i-connectome yesibili ephelele, enikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqhathanisa ukuxhumana kwemizwa phakathi kobuchopho obubili obumephwe.
- Amaqembu ocwaningo e-HHMI Janelia ne-Google: Athola ukwakhiwa kabusha okuqediwe kokuxhumana ngama-synapse okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-300, kanye nendawo ecacile yokuthuthukisa izindlela zawo ezihlanganyelwe.
- Amalabhorethri e-neuroscience yezilwane ezinomgogodla: Abhekene nethuba lesikhathi eside, hhayi nenzuzo esivele ilethiwe. Uma le ndlela yokusebenza ikwazi ukunwetshwa, ukufinyelela ezindleleni zokwakha kabusha kungathuthuka; uma ingakwazi, amamephu ezimpukane ayohlala eyizinsiza ezikhethekile zokubhekisela kuzo.
Izimo ezingaba khona
Okungenzeka kakhulu: Uma amamephu esilisa nawesifazane ebonakala esebenziseka ekuhlaziyeni okuqhathanisayo ezinyangeni ezingu-6–12 ezizayo, abacwaningi bazowasebenzisa ukuqondisa imibuzo yokulandelela mayelana nokuthi ukuxhumana kuhlobana kanjani nomsebenzi wobuchopho. Lokho kungase kuphushe amaqembu amathuluzi ukuba athuthukise izindlela zokwakha kabusha ezindaweni lapho lezo zifundo ziveza khona izingqinamba. Izifundo zokuqhathanisa ezisebenzisa womabili amamephu, namaphrojekthi amasha achaza izindlela ezithuthukisiwe, kungaqinisa le ndlela. Ukusetshenziswa okuncane ekuqhathaniseni noma ukwehluleka kokudlulisela izindlela ngale kwamasethi edatha ezimpukane kungayenza ibe buthaka.
Okunenzuzo enkulu: Uma ukuqhathanisa kuveza amaphethini aphindaphindekayo ezinga lamasekhethi aholela emibonweni engahlolwa ngokuhlola, ukuhlola okuqondiswa yi-connectome kungadonsa umzamo obanzi wocwaningo. Uma izindlela ezihlobene nazo zisebenza nasezinhlelweni zemizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amandla okwakha kabusha angaba wusizo kakhulu nangale kocwaningo lwempukane yesithelo. Imibono ehloliwe evela kula mamephu amabili kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyimpumelelo ezinhlelweni ezinkulu kungasekela lo mphumela; okutholakele kokuqhathanisa okungasebenziseki noma izindlela zokusebenza ezisindwa umthwalo kakhulu kungawubukela phansi.
Okubi: Ngaphandle kokuba izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zidlulele ngale kwempukane yesithelo, imephu yesilisa ingase ihlale iyinsiza yokubhekisela ebalulekile kodwa ekhethekile. Njengoba izidingo zokuthwebula izithombe nezokubala zikhula, ukunwetshwa kungase kwehle, kushiye amalabhorethri afunda izinhlelo ezinkulu ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezilindelwe zale ndlela yokusebenza. Umsebenzi wokulandelela ogcizelela umthwalo wokumaka imininingwane noma wokwandisa isikali ungakhomba kule ndlela; ukwamukelwa ngokuzimela emaphrojekthini amakhulu okwenza amamephu kungaphikisa yona.
Okulandelayo okufanele kubhekwe
- Izifundo zokuqhathanisa ezisebenzisa womabili ama-connectome esilisa nawesifazane ukuhlola ukuhleleka kwamasekhethi okwabiwe noma okuhlukile, okulindeleke kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezingu-6–12 ezizayo.
- Amaphrojekthi avela e-HHMI Janelia, e-Google, noma kwamanye amaqembu e-connectomics asebenzisa izindlela ezihlobene nokuhlaziywa kwezithombe ezinhlelweni zemizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
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